BRITISH GUIANA 1901 Newspaper Wrapper Stationery 1c Royal Mail to FRANCE H&G 1

Description

British Guiana
H & G 1
1901 NEWSPAPER WRAPPER STATIONERY
Per Royal Mail TO MARSEILLE, FRANCE
1 Cent
Era: Edward VII (1902 - 1910)
120 Years Old NEWSPAPER WRAPPER
OLD FRIGATE SAILING SHIP "SANBACH"
Guyana Lot #201
British Guiana
British Guiana was a British colony, partof the British West Indies, which resided on the northern coast of SouthAmerica, now known as the independent nation of Guyana since 1966.
The first European to encounter Guiana wasSir Walter Raleigh, an English explorer. The Dutch were the first Europeans tosettle there, starting in the early 17th century, when they founded thecolonies of Essequibo and Berbice, adding Demerara in the mid-18th century. In1796, Great Britain took over these three colonies during hostilities with theFrench, who had occupied the Netherlands. Britain returned control to theBatavian Republic in 1802 but captured the colonies a year later during theNapoleonic Wars. The colonies were officially ceded to the United Kingdom in1814 and consolidated into a single colony in 1831. The colony's capital was atGeorgetown (known as Stabroek prior to 1812). The economy has become morediversified since the late 19th century but has relied on resourceexploitation. Guyana became independent of the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966.
Economy and Politics
The slave economy flourished between theabolition of the slave trade in 1807 and emancipation in the 1830s. The wealthlargely flowed to a group of absentee slave owners living in Britain, especiallyin Glasgow and Liverpool.
The economy of British Guiana wascompletely based on sugarcane production until the 1880s, when falling canesugar prices stimulated a shift toward rice farming, mining and forestry.However, sugarcane remained a significant part of the economy (in 1959 sugarstill accounted for nearly 50% of exports). Under the Dutch, settlement andeconomic activity was concentrated around sugarcane plantations lying inlandfrom the coast. Under the British, cane planting expanded to richer coastallands, with greater coastline protection. Until the abolition of slavery in theBritish Empire, sugar planters depended almost exclusively on slave labour toproduce sugar. Georgetown was the site of a significant slave rebellion in1823.
In the 1880s gold and diamond depositswere discovered in British Guiana, but they did not produce significantrevenue. Bauxite deposits proved more promising and would remain an importantpart of the economy. The colony did not develop any significant manufacturingindustry, other than sugar factories, rice mills, sawmills, and certainsmall-scale industries (including a brewery, a soap factory, a biscuit factoryand an oxygen-acetylene plant, among others).
The London-based Booker Group of companies(Booker Brothers, McConnell & Co., Ltd) dominated the economy of BritishGuiana. The Bookers had owned sugar plantations in the colony since the early19th century; by the end of the century they owned a majority of them; and by1950 owned all but three. With the increasing success and wealth of the BookerGroup, they expanded internationally and diversified by investing in rum,pharmaceuticals, publishing, advertising, retail stores, timber, and petroleum,among other industries. The Booker Group became the largest employer in thecolony, leading some to refer to it as "Booker's Guiana".
Indentured workers from India 1850 to 1920were largely locked in place. Nevertheless a minority achieved mobility. Somesecretly fled; others waited until their contracts expired. Indian migrationinvolved three phases: desertion from the plantations; movement settlements andlater to urban areas; and intra-regional migration from one Caribbean island toanother. The traditional rigid Indian caste system largely collapsed in the colonies.
Guianese served in all British forcesduring World War II in 1939-1945, and enjoyed veterans' benefits afterward. Thecolony made a small but important financial contribution to the war effort, andit served as a refuge for displaced Jews.
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In1925 it was stated by the late Capt. J. A. Tinne, M.P., in an interview, that a photograph of one of the oldest sailing ships of his firm—Sandbach, Tinne and Company—was taken as a model for the medallion on the British Guiana stamps,where, it keeps company with the portrait of the late King George V. Thesestamps were first issued in 1913, but the design, without the portrait, dates back to 37 years earlier, for the same picture of the full-rigged ship Sandbach, but in a different frame, was used for the stamps issued in 1876.
A different picture of the vessel appeared on three stamps, 6 cents, 24 centsand 48 cents, 13 years earlier still and the same picture appeared on more stamps in 1866. British Guiana stamps issued before 1863 and showing sailing ships do not depict the Sandbach.
This 435-ton frigate-built ship was constructed at Liverpool in 1825 for Mr.Samuel Sandbach, of Sandbach, Tinne and Company, of that city. The Sandbach was an extremely popular ship on Mersey side and was one of the great vessels of Liverpool, sailing regularly out of the port for half a century. It is reported that at one period of her career the bells of the seamen's church, the Parish Church of St. Nicholas, used to be rung when she arrived home in the Mersey. The late Capt. Angel, her last master, has recorded that she was the first sailing ship to be fitted with and to trust entirely to chain cables instead of rope hawsers, and the first to have iron caps to masts and bowsprit.
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Royal Mail Steam Packet Company
The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company was a British shippingcompany founded in London in 1839 by a Scot, James MacQueen. The line's mottowas Per Mare Ubique (everywhere by sea). After good and bad times it became thelargest shipping group in the world in 1927 when it took over the White StarLine.[1]
The company was liquidated and its assets taken over by thenewly formed Royal Mail Lines in 1932 after financial trouble and scandal; overthe years RML declined to no more than the name of a service run by formerrival Hamburg Süd.
History as Royal Mail Steam Packet Company
The RMSPC, founded in 1839 by James MacQueen, ran tours andmail to various destinations in the Caribbean and South America, and by 1927,was the largest shipping group in the world.[2] MacQueen’s imperial visions forthe RMSPC were clear; he hoped that new steamship communications betweenBritain and the Caribbean would mitigate post-Emancipation instabilities, inparticular by promoting commerce.[3] From the outset the company aimed to bethe vanguard of British maritime supremacy and technology, as F Harcourtsuggests, the RMSPC presented itself "as existing not merely for the goodof its shareholders but for the good of the nation".[4] The high hopes forthe business were boosted by the Government’s mail contract subsidy, worth£240,000 a year.[5] The RMSPC evolved vastly from 1839 to the beginning of the20th century. It introduced new technologies, such as John Elder’s marinecompound steam engine in 1870, and worked to redefine seafaring by focusing oncomfort and passenger requirements.[6]
In 1902 Owen Philipps (1863–1937) became the Chairman ofthe RMSPC.[7] Under Philipps the company embarked grew by acquiring controllinginterests in multiple companies. Philipps was knighted in 1909 and ennobled asBaron Kylsant in 1923. However, poor economic circumstances and controversysurrounding a deception by Philipps meant that the RMSPC collapsed in 1930,after which various constituent companies were sold off. In 1932, itssuccessor, the Royal Mail Lines (RML) was formed, continuing the memory andoperations of the RMSPC.[8]
Queen Victoria granted the initial Royal Charter ofIncorporation of "The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company" on 26September 1839.[9] In 1840 the Admiralty and the Royal Mail Steam PacketCompany made a contract in which the latter agreed to provide a fleet of notfewer than 14 steam ships for the purpose of carrying all Her Majesty's mails,to sail twice every month to Barbados in the West Indies from Southampton orFalmouth. Fourteen new steam ships were built for the purpose: Thames, Medway,Trent, and Isis (built at Northfleet); Severn and Avon (built at Bristol);Tweed, Clyde, Teviot, Dee, and Solway (built at Greenock); Tay (built atDumbarton); Forth (built at Leith); and Medina, (built at Cowes). In referenceto their destination, these ships were known as the West Indies MailSteamers.[10]
The West Indian Mail Service was established by the sailingof the first Royal Mail Steam Packet, PS Thames from Falmouth on 1 January1841. A Supplemental Royal Charter was granted on 30 August 1851 extending thesphere of the Company's operations. In 1864, the mail service to the BritishHonduras was established. A further Supplemental Royal Charter was grantedextending the sphere of the Company's operations on 7 March 1882.[9]
In the decade before the First World War the RMSPmodernised its fleet, introducing a series of larger liners ranging from 9,588GRT to 15,551 GRT on its Southampton – Buenos Aires route. Each had a namebeginning with the letter "A", so collectively they were called the"A-liners" or the "A-series". The first was RMS Aragon in1905, followed by sister ships Amazon, Araguaya and Avon in 1906, Asturias in1908, Arlanza in 1912, Andes and Alcantara in 1913 and Almanzora in 1915.Earlier members of the series, from Aragon to Asturias, had twin screws, eachdriven by a four-cylinder quadruple-expansion steam engine. The final fourmembers of the series, from Arlanza to Almanzora, had triple screws, with themiddle one driven by a low pressure Parsons steam turbine.[11]
After the First World War RMSP faced not only existingforeign competition but a new UK challenger. Lord Vestey's Blue Star Line hadjoined the South American route and won a large share of the frozen meat trade.Then in 1926–27 Blue Star introduced its new "luxury five" shipsAlmeda, Andalucia, Arandora, Avelona and Avila to both increase refrigeratedcargo capacity and enter the passenger trade. At the same time RMSP introduceda pair of new 22,200 GRT liners, RMS Asturias in 1926 and RMS Alcantara in1927, which at that stage were the largest motor ships in the World. Althoughthese were the biggest and most luxurious UK ships on the route, RMSP ChairmanLord Kylsant called Blue Star's quintet "very keen competition".[12]
British Guiana
Guyana
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2021 USPS Postage Rates and Prices
REGISTERED MAIL FEE is .30
INTERNATIONAL POSTAGE is .24 (2 oz)
INTERNATIONAL POSTAGE is .28 (3 oz)
TOTAL POSTAGE and FEES equal .58
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